Nickel Nitrate And Nickel Chloride Dmg
Nickel present in the ore. Notes: If transparent, colorless needle-like crystals appear in the final nickel dimethylgloxime, or if the results of the nickel content in the ore have a high degree of variance, use the following procedure: 1. Fill each crucible containing the Ni(DMG) 2. Nickel(II)-ions are precipitated by ammonia as a green gelatinous precipitate of nickel(II)hydroxide which dissolves forming a deep blue hexaaminenickel(II) hydroxide at excess ammonia 4 Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 OH − (aq) 2 Ni(OH) 2 (s) light green.
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Names | |
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IUPAC name | |
Other names Nickel hydroxide, Theophrastite | |
Identifiers | |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.813 |
EC Number |
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RTECS number | |
CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
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Properties | |
Ni(OH)2 | |
Molar mass | 92.724 g/mol (anhydrous) 110.72 g/mol (monohydrate) |
Appearance | green crystals |
Density | 4.10 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 230 °C (446 °F; 503 K) (anhydrous, decomposes) |
0.13 g/L | |
+4500.0·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Structure[1] | |
hexagonal, hP3 | |
P3m1, No. 164 | |
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° | |
Thermochemistry | |
79 J·mol−1·K−1[2] | |
Std enthalpy of formation(ΔfH⦵298) | −538 kJ·mol−1[2] |
Hazards | |
Safety data sheet | External SDS |
GHS pictograms | [3] |
GHS Signal word | Danger[3] |
H302, H332, H315, H334, H317, H341, H350, H360, H372[3] | |
P260, P284, P201, P280, P405, P501[3] | |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
1515 mg/kg (oral, rat) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references |
Nickel(II) hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ni(OH)2. It is an apple-green solid that dissolves with decomposition in ammonia and amines and is attacked by acids. It is electroactive, being converted to the Ni(III) oxy-hydroxide, leading to widespread applications in rechargeable batteries.[4]
Properties[edit]
Nickel(II) hydroxide has two well-characterized polymorphs, α and β. The α structure consists of Ni(OH)2 layers with intercalated anions or water.[5][6] The β form adopts a hexagonal close-packed structure of Ni2+ and OH− ions.[5][6] In the presence of water, the α polymorph typically recrystallizes to the β form.[5][7] In addition to the α and β polymorphs, several γ nickel hydroxides have been described, distinguished by crystal structures with much larger inter-sheet distances.[5]
The mineral form of Ni(OH)2, theophrastite, was first identified in the Vermion region of northern Greece, in 1980. It is found naturally as a translucent emerald-green crystal formed in thin sheets near the boundaries of idocrase or chlorite crystals.[8] A nickel-magnesium variant of the mineral, (Ni,Mg)(OH)2 had been previously discovered at Hagdale on the island of Unst in Scotland.[9]
Reactions[edit]
Nickel(II) hydroxide is frequently used in electrical car batteries.[6] Specifically, Ni(OH)2 readily oxidizes to nickel oxyhydroxide, NiOOH, in combination with a reduction reaction, often of a metal hydride (reaction 1 and 2).[10]
Reaction 1 Ni(OH)2 + OH− → NiO(OH) + H2O + e−
Reaction 2 M + H2O + e− → MH + OH−
Net Reaction (in H2O)Ni(OH)2 + M → NiOOH + MH
Of the two polymorphs, α-Ni(OH)2 has a higher theoretical capacity and thus is generally considered to be preferable in electrochemical applications. However, it transforms to β-Ni(OH)2 in alkaline solutions, leading to many investigations into the possibility of stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 electrodes for industrial applications.[7]
Synthesis[edit]
The synthesis entails treating aqueous solutions of nickel(II) salts with potassium hydroxide.[11]
Toxicity[edit]
The Ni2+ ion is a known carcinogen. Toxicity and related safety concerns have driven research into increasing the energy density of Ni(OH)2 electrodes, such as the addition of calcium or cobalt hydroxides.[4]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Enoki, Toshiaki; Tsujikawa, Ikuji (1975). 'Magnetic Behaviours of a Random Magnet, NipMg(1-p)(OH2)'. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 39 (2): 317. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.317.
- ^ abZumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN978-0-618-94690-7.
- ^ abcd'Nickel Hydroxide'. American Elements. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
- ^ abChen, J.; Bradhurst, D.H.; Dou, S.X.; Liu, H.K. (1999). 'Nickel Hydroxide as an Active Material for the Positive Electrode in Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries'. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146 (10): 3606–3612. doi:10.1149/1.1392522.
- ^ abcdOliva, P.; Leonardi, J.; Laurent, J.F. (1982). 'Review of the structure and the electrochemistry of nickel hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides'. Journal of Power Sources. 8 (2): 229–255. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(82)80057-8.
- ^ abcJeevanandam, P.; Koltypin, Y.; Gedanken, A. (2001). 'Synthesis of Nanosized α-Nickel Hydroxide by a Sonochemical Method'. Nano Letters. 1 (5): 263–266. doi:10.1021/nl010003p.
- ^ abShukla, A.K.; Kumar, V.G.; Munichandriah, N. (1994). 'Stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 as Electrode Material for Alkaline Secondary Cells'. J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (11): 2956–2959. doi:10.1149/1.2059264.
- ^Marcopoulos, T.; Economou, M. (1980). 'Theophrastite, Ni(OH)2, a new mineral from northern Greece'(PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 1020–1021.
- ^Livingston, A.; Bish, D. L. (1982). 'On the new mineral theophrastite, a nickel hydroxide, from Unst, Shetland, Scotland'(PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 46 (338): 1. doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.338.01.
- ^Ovshinsky, S.R.; Fetcenko, M.A.; Ross, J. (1993). 'A nickel metal hydride battery for electric vehicles'. Science. 260 (5105): 176–181. doi:10.1126/science.260.5105.176. PMID17807176.
- ^Glemser, O. (1963) 'Nickel(II) Hydroxide' in 'Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. G. Brauer (ed.), Academic Press, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1549.
External links[edit]
Names | |
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IUPAC name | |
Other names Nickel nitrate Nickelous nitrate Nitric acid, nickel(2+) salt | |
Identifiers | |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.032.774 |
EC Number |
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Properties | |
Ni(NO3)2 | |
Molar mass | 182.703 g/mol (anhydrous) 290.79 g/mol (hexahydrate) |
Appearance | emerald green hygroscopic solid |
Odor | odorless |
Density | 2.05 g/cm3 (hexahydrate) |
Melting point | 56.7 °C (134.1 °F; 329.8 K) (hexahydrate) |
Boiling point | 136.7 °C (278.1 °F; 409.8 K) (hexahydrate) |
243 (hexahydrate) g/100ml (0 °C)[1] | |
Solubility | soluble in ethanol |
+4300.0·10−6 cm3/mol (+6 H2O) | |
Refractive index (nD) | 1.422 (hexahydrate) |
Structure | |
monoclinic (hexahydrate) | |
Hazards | |
Safety data sheet | External MSDS |
EU classification (DSD) (outdated) | Oxidant (O) Carc. Cat. 1 Muta. Cat. 3 Repr. Cat. 2 Toxic (T) Harmful (Xn) Irritant (Xi) Dangerous for the environment (N) |
R-phrases(outdated) | R49, R61, R8, R20/22, R38, R41, R42/43, R48/23, R68, R50/53 |
S-phrases(outdated) | S53, S45, S60, S61 |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | Non-flammable |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose) | 1620 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
Related compounds | |
Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) chloride | |
Other cations | Palladium(II) nitrate |
Cobalt(II) nitrate Copper(II) nitrate | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references |
Nickel nitrate is the inorganic compound Ni(NO3)2 or any hydrate thereof. The anhydrous form is not commonly encountered, thus 'nickel nitrate' usually refers to nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate. The formula for this species is written in two ways: Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and, more descriptively [Ni(H2O)6](NO3)2. The latter formula indicates that the nickel(II) center is surrounded by six water molecules in this hydrated salt. In the hexahydrate, the nitrate anions are not bonded to nickel. Also known are three other hydrates: Ni(NO3)2.9H2O, Ni(NO3)2.4H2O, and Ni(NO3)2.2H2O. Anhydrous Ni(NO3)2 is also known.[2]
It is prepared by the reaction of nickel oxide with nitric acid:
- NiO + 2 HNO3 + 5 H2O → Ni(NO3)2.6H2O
The anhydrous nickel nitrate is typically not prepared by the heating the hydrates. Rather is generated by reaction of hydrates with dinitrogen pentoxide or of nickel carbonyl with dinitrogen tetroxide:[2]
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- Ni(CO)4 + 2 N2O4 → Ni(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 CO
The hydrated nitrate is often used as a precursor to supported nickel catalysts.
Safety[edit]
Like other nitrates, nickel nitrate is oxidizing. It is also irritating to the eyes, skin and, upon inhalation of the dust, respiratory tract. It may cause skin allergy. Nickel nitrate is a carcinogen, along with most other nickel compounds. The nickel ion is also toxic to aquatic organisms.
Uses[edit]
Nickel(II) nitrate is used as the precursor for the explosive Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate, which is used as lead-free and safer alternative to Lead Azide and Lead Styphnate.
References[edit]
- ^Perry's Chem Eng Handbook, 7th Ed
- ^ abKeith Lascelles, Lindsay G. Morgan, David Nicholls, Detmar Beyersmann, 'Nickel Compounds' in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_235.pub2
Nickel Nitrate And Nickel Chloride Dmg Treatment
HNO3 | He | ||||||||||||||||
LiNO3 | Be(NO3)2 | B(NO 3)− 4 | C | NO− 3, NH4NO3 | O | FNO3 | Ne | ||||||||||
NaNO3 | Mg(NO3)2 | Al(NO3)3 | Si | P | S | ClONO2 | Ar | ||||||||||
KNO3 | Ca(NO3)2 | Sc(NO3)3 | Ti(NO3)4 | VO(NO3)3 | Cr(NO3)3 | Mn(NO3)2 | Fe(NO3)3, Fe(NO3)2 | Co(NO3)2, Co(NO3)3 | Ni(NO3)2 | Cu(NO3)2 | Zn(NO3)2 | Ga(NO3)3 | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
RbNO3 | Sr(NO3)2 | Y(NO3)3 | Zr(NO3)4 | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd(NO3)2 | AgNO3 | Cd(NO3)2 | In | Sn | Sb(NO3)3 | Te | I | Xe(NO3)2 |
CsNO3 | Ba(NO3)2 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg2(NO3)2, Hg(NO3)2 | Tl(NO3)3, TlNO3 | Pb(NO3)2 | Bi(NO3)3 BiO(NO3) | Po | At | Rn | |
FrNO3 | Ra(NO3)2 | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |
↓ | |||||||||||||||||
La(NO3)3 | Ce(NO3)3, Ce(NO3)4 | Pr | Nd(NO3)3 | Pm | Sm | Eu(NO3)3 | Gd(NO3)3 | Tb(NO3)3 | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Ac(NO3)3 | Th(NO3)4 | Pa | UO2(NO3)2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |